Регулирование кредитного риска как важнейший элемент функционирования национальной банковской системы на примере ПАО Сбербанк

Объектом исследования является ПАО Сбербанк России. Цель работы - в ходе анализа эффективности регулирования кредитного риска разработать рекомендации по повышению эффективности регулирования кредитного риска.The subject of the study is PJSC Sberbank of Russia. The purpose of the work is to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of credit risk regulation in the course of analyzing the effectiveness of credit risk management

Soft-phonon and charge-density-wave formation in nematic BaNi2_2As2_2

We use diffuse and inelastic x-ray scattering to study the formation of an incommensurate charge-density-wave order (I-CDW) in BaNi$_2$As$_2$, a candidate system for charge-driven electronic nematicity. At low temperatures, the I-CDW sets in before a structural transition to a triclinic phase, within which it is suppressed and replaced by a commensurate CDW order (C-CDW). Intense diffuse scattering signal is observed around the modulation vector of the I-CDW, $Q_{I-CDW}$ already visible at room temperature and collapsing into superstructure reflections in the ordered state. A clear dip in the dispersion of a low-energy transverse optical phonon mode is observed around $Q_{I-CDW}$. The phonon continuously softens upon cooling, ultimately driving the transition to the I-CDW state. The transverse character of the soft-phonon branch elucidates the complex pattern of the I-CDW satellites and settles the debated unidirectional nature of the I-CDW. The phonon instability and its reciprocal space position is well captured by our ${ab}$ ${initio}$ calculations. These however indicate that neither Fermi surface nesting, nor enhanced momentum-dependent electron-phonon coupling can account for the I-CDW formation, demonstrating its unconventional nature

Soft-Phonon and Charge-Density-Wave Formation in Nematic BaNi₂As₂

We use diffuse and inelastic x-ray scattering to study the formation of an incommensurate charge-density-wave (I-CDW) in BaNi$_2$As$_2$, a candidate system for charge-driven electronic nematicity. Intense diffuse scattering is observed around the modulation vector of the I-CDW, Q$_{I-CDW}$. It is already visible at room temperature and collapses into superstructure reflections in the long-range ordered state where a small orthorhombic distortion occurs. A clear dip in the dispersion of a low-energy transverse optical phonon mode is observed around Q$_{I-CDW}$. The phonon continuously softens upon cooling, ultimately driving the transition to the I-CDW state. The transverse character of the soft-phonon branch elucidates the complex pattern of the I-CDW satellites observed in the current and earlier studies and settles the debated unidirectional nature of the I-CDW. The phonon instability and its reciprocal space position are well captured by our ab initio calculations. These, however, indicate that neither Fermi surface nesting, nor enhanced momentum-dependent electron-phonon coupling can account for the I-CDW formation, demonstrating its unconventional nature

A new method to position and functionalize metal-organic framework crystals

With controlled nanometre-sized pores and surface areas of thousands of square metres per gram, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) may have an integral role in future catalysis, filtration and sensing applications. In general, for MOF-based device fabrication, well-organized or patterned MOF growth is required, and thus conventional synthetic routes are not suitable. Moreover, to expand their applicability, the introduction of additional functionality into MOFs is desirable. Here, we explore the use of nanostructured poly-hydrate zinc phosphate (α-hopeite) microparticles as nucleation seeds for MOFs that simultaneously address all these issues. Affording spatial control of nucleation and significantly accelerating MOF growth, these α-hopeite microparticles are found to act as nucleation agents both in solution and on solid surfaces. In addition, the introduction of functional nanoparticles (metallic, semiconducting, polymeric) into these nucleating seeds translates directly to the fabrication of functional MOFs suitable for molecular size-selective applications

Towards Protein Crystallization as a Process Step in Downstream Processing of Therapeutic Antibodies: Screening and Optimization at Microbatch Scale

Crystallization conditions of an intact monoclonal IgG4 (immunoglobulin G, subclass 4) antibody were established in vapor diffusion mode by sparse matrix screening and subsequent optimization. The procedure was transferred to microbatch conditions and a phase diagram was built showing surprisingly low solubility of the antibody at equilibrium. With up-scaling to process scale in mind, purification efficiency of the crystallization step was investigated. Added model protein contaminants were excluded from the crystals to more than 95%. No measurable loss of Fc-binding activity was observed in the crystallized and redissolved antibody. Conditions could be adapted to crystallize the antibody directly from concentrated and diafiltrated cell culture supernatant, showing purification efficiency similar to that of Protein A chromatography. We conclude that crystallization has the potential to be included in downstream processing as a low-cost purification or formulation step

Crystallisation route map

A route map for the assessment of crystallisation processes is presented. A theoretical background on solubility, meta-stable zone width, nucleation and crystal growth kinetics is presented with practical examples. The concepts of crystallisation hydrodynamics and the application of population balances and computational fluid dynamics for modelling crystallisation processes and their scaling up are also covered

Surface melting of nanoscopic epitaxial films

By introducing finite size surface and interfacial excess quantities, interactions between interfaces are shown to modify the usual surface premelting phenomenon. It is the case of surface melting of a thin solid film s deposited on a planar solid substrate S. More precisely to the usual wetting condition of the solid s by its own melt l, necessary for premelting (wetting factor F<0), is adjoined a new quantity G describing the interactions of the l/s interface with the s/S interface. When G>0 this interface attraction boosts the premelting so that a two stage boosted surface premelting is foreseen: a continuous premelting, up to roughly half the deposited film, is followed by an abrupt first order premelting. When G<0 these interfaces repell each other so that premelting is refrained and the film remains partly solid above the bulk melting point (overheating) what is called astride melting. Elastic stress modifies both types of melting curves. Bulk and surface stresses have to be distinguished.Comment: 65 pages, 16 figure